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Non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs) or sometimes called "Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)" are trade barriers that restrict imports, but are unlike the usual form of a tariff; And Tariff Barriers restricts Exports. Some common examples of NTB's are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties, which, although called non-tariff barriers, have the effect of tariffs once they are enacted. Example of Tariff Barrier is Export Duty. Their use has risen sharply after the WTO rules led to a very significant reduction in tariff use. Some non-tariff trade barriers are expressly permitted in very limited circumstances, when they are deemed necessary to protect health, safety, sanitation, or depletable natural resources. In other forms, they are criticized as a means to evade free trade rules such as those of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU), or North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that restrict the use of tariffs. Some of non-tariff barriers are not directly related to foreign economic regulations but nevertheless have a significant impact on foreign-economic activity and foreign trade between countries. Trade between countries is referred to trade in goods, services and factors of production. Non-tariff barriers to trade include import quotas, special licenses, unreasonable standards for the quality of goods, bureaucratic delays at customs, export restrictions, limiting the activities of state trading, export subsidies, countervailing duties, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, rules of origin, etc. Sometimes in this list they include macroeconomic measures affecting trade. == ''SIX'' Types of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade == # Specific Limitations on Trade: ## Import Licensing requirements ## Proportion restrictions of foreign domestic goods (local content requirements) ## Minimum import price limits ## Fees ## Embargoes #Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures: ##Valuation systems ##Anti-dumping practices ##Tariff classifications ##Documentation requirements ##Fees #Standards: ##Standard disparities ##Intergovernmental acceptances of testing methods and standards ##Packaging, labeling, and marking #Government Participation in Trade: ##Government procurement policies ##Export subsidies ##Countervailing duties ##Domestic assistance programs #Charges on imports: ##Prior import deposit subsidies ##Administrative fees ##Special supplementary duties ##Import credit discrimination ##Variable levies ##Border taxes #Others: ##Voluntary export restraints ##Orderly marketing agreements 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Non-tariff barriers to trade」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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